India’s vast geography and growing digital economy create an enormous demand for high-speed internet in rural and underserved areas. While Jio and Airtel dominate India’s 4G/5G and fiber broadband markets, the success of StarLink highlights the potential for satellite-based internet services. If Jio or Airtel decide to venture into LEO (Low Earth Orbit) satellite internet, here’s how they can build a StarLink-type service tailored to Indian needs.

Why I’m writing about StarLink? Recently there was a news related to illegal use of StarLink’s internet services by smugglers.

There has been a possible misuse of StarLink. It is SpaceX’s satellite internet service. Starlink’s devices has been allegedly found with drug smugglers and insurgents. During a significant drug bust in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, smugglers reportedly used StarLink to create Wi-Fi hotspots for navigation. In another incident, insurgent groups in Manipur were found with similar equipment during a raid.

Despite requests by Indian Government for purchaser details, StarLink has refused to share information. They are citing data privacy laws.

It is a fact that Satellite based internet service is probably the future technology. Under the present circumstances, it looks like StarLink will have problems entering the Indian market.

So, I thought, why not explore what it will take for a company like Airtel or Jio to start their own Satellite based internet services, of course in partnership with the Indian government.

1. Why Jio and Airtel Should Explore LEO Satellite Internet

Millions of people in rural and remote regions still lack reliable internet access. The high costs and logistical challenges of deploying fiber or traditional broadband infrastructure limits its deployment.

A satellite based internet service can provided internet to even the remote location in India. If the internet can penetrate so deep in India, it will have immense benefits. It will create new opportunities for education, healthcare, and e-commerce. It will also help build on the India’s goal of becoming a truly digital economy.

LEO (Low Earth Orbit) satellite internet offers a solution by providing high-speed connectivity to the underserved areas. Unlike traditional satellites, LEO satellites orbit much closer to the Earth. Hence, it enables faster internet speeds and lower latency.

For Jio and Airtel, investing in this technology could be a transformative step toward bridging the rural-urban digital divide.

While fiber and 5G technologies will continue to grow, they primarily target dense populations. Why? Only in these areas, the infrastructure investments offer higher returns. Satellite internet, however, can unlock new revenue streams by addressing the untapped rural markets.

This diversification can also future-proofs Jio and Airtel’s businesses. It will allow them to match the other satellite based internet providers of the world.

I think, competing with StarLink so early can be the main strategic advantage.

But of course, the question is, is this investment economically viable? Till now I do not know about it, hence I thought, why not explore the investment from the technical and execution side of it.

2. Steps Jio or Airtel Must Take

Launching a satellite-based internet service in India is a complex process. But considering that Airtel and Jio are already successfully offering similar services in India, I thought these two companies will be ideal prospects.

If these companies decide to take the next steps, they will have to plan for the regulator, technical requirement, and financial feasibility all together.

Securing government approvals, building satellite constellations, creating ground infrastructure, and raising funds for this CAPEX will be their challenges.

Let’s start looking at these action points as a six step approach.

2.1. Secure Regulatory Approvals

To successfully launch a satellite-based internet service in India, Jio or Airtel must fulfill a series of regulatory requirements.

The regulatory framework governing both telecom and satellite services are complicated. It includes licensing, spectrum allocation (through bidding or otherwise), and national security considerations.

• The basic step is to obtain spectrum licenses for operating satellite communication services. This involves applying for spectrum in the Ka-band or Ku-band. These are the primary frequency bands used for high-speed satellite communication. These frequencies are crucial for ensuring that the satellite network can deliver fast and reliable internet to users across India.

Jio or Airtel will need to ensure full compliance with the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) and Wireless Planning & Coordination (WPC), which are the governing bodies responsible for regulating spectrum usage in India.

Furthermore, coordination with ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) will also be essential.

Since India has strict rules on foreign satellite use, Indian companies like Jio or Airtel must work closely with ISRO. ISOR’s handholding will be required to launch satellites and secure spectrum allocation.

In addition to technical and operational approvals, Jio or Airtel must also meet security and policy requirements. This means obtaining clearances from the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Home Affairs, which oversee national security concerns related to satellite communication.

2.2 Launch or Partner for LEO Satellite Constellations

To offer satellite-based internet services, Jio or Airtel have two primary options for deploying LEO (Low Earth Orbit) satellites. They can either build their own constellation or they can partner with existing satellite providers.

Both approaches come with their own set of advantages and challenges.

Building Their Own Constellation

If Jio or Airtel chooses to develop their own LEO satellite constellation, it would require significant collaboration with organizations like ISRO or private aerospace companies.

• The first step would be to partner with these entities to design and manufacture LEO satellites. These satellites are specially suited for high-speed communication. These satellites are placed much closer to the Earth compared to traditional geostationary satellites. This type of placement reduces latency and improves the quality of the internet service.
• The process of deploying the constellation would involve frequent satellite launches. Jio or Airtel could leverage ISRO’s PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) for launching their satellites. Given the high volume of satellites needed for continuous, reliable coverage, this would likely require hundreds of satellites to be launched into orbit.

Building and deploying a satellite constellation is a massive financial undertaking. The process would require billions of dollars in research and development, manufacturing, and frequent launches. This is also one area where Indian government can provide financial aid to these two companies.

While it’s a long-term solution that offers control over the service, it also represents a significant investment with risks and uncertainties.

Partnering with Existing Players

Alternatively, Jio or Airtel can partner with existing LEO satellite providers like OneWeb, Amazon Kuiper, or Telesat. This approach allows them to avoid the high costs and complexities of building their own constellation.

This approach would also allow Jio or Airtel to scale their satellite-based services more efficiently. Moreover, they will also not be required to bear the full costs of satellite launches and maintenance.

However, the trade-off is reduced control over the technology and service, as well as potential dependency on the satellite providers.

2.3. Establish Ground Infrastructure

To successfully launch and maintain a satellite-based internet service in India, Jio or Airtel must focus on developing a robust ground infrastructure.

This infrastructure is essential for relaying signals between the satellite network and users. The infrastructure will also ensure smooth and reliable service delivery.

1. Gateway Stations are critical components of this infrastructure. These stations act as the link between the satellites in space and the terrestrial internet network. Jio or Airtel would need to build multiple gateway stations across India. They must also be strategically placed to cover large regions and ensure minimal signal loss. These stations are responsible for receiving the satellite signals and passing them onto the internet backbone.
   • These stations must adhere to Indian regulatory standards. It will include compliance with environmental, security, and technical guidelines set by authorities such as the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) and Wireless Planning & Coordination (WPC).
   • Seamless integration with the existing telecommunications network is also necessary to provide uninterrupted connectivity. This will be particularly challenging in rural or remote areas where ground infrastructure is limited.
2. Jio or Airtel would need to focus on user terminals. These are the equipment that consumers will use to connect to the satellite network. These terminals typically include the following: Satellite dishes, Routers, and Modems that allow users to access the internet.
   • The company could either develop its own hardware or import existing solutions, similar to Starlink’s satellite dishes. These items must be specifically designed for easy installation and use.

To make these items more affordable, Jio or Airtel could partner with hardware manufacturers to lower production costs.

The Government could also offer subsidies to manufacture these hardware products.

The government help will also be require to offer attractive pricing so that it will encourage mass adoption of satellite-based internet services (especially in rural areas).

2.4. Leverage Existing Telecom Assets

To maximize the efficiency and reach of a satellite-based internet service, Jio and Airtel can integrate their existing telecom infrastructure with satellite technology.

This approach would allow these companies to enhance their network offerings without needing to start from scratch.

• Hybrid Connectivity is one key way to achieve this integration. In rural and remote areas, where laying fiber cables is often expensive and logistically challenging, satellite backhaul can be used to connect existing 4G/5G towers. This would significantly enhance coverage and capacity in underserved regions. By linking the satellite network to these towers, Jio or Airtel could extend their high-speed mobile internet services to areas that were previously difficult to serve with traditional ground-based infrastructure. This hybrid solution could ensure seamless connectivity across both urban and rural areas, improving the overall user experience.
• Another valuable strategy is to combine fiber and satellite connectivity. In regions where it is not economically feasible to deploy fiber-optic cables—such as remote or sparsely populated areas—satellite internet can provide an effective alternative. Jio and Airtel could offer satellite-based internet as a complementary service to fiber, allowing them to cover a wider range of locations. This combination would help bridge the gap between areas that can afford fiber and those that can only be served by satellite, creating a more inclusive service offering.

Both companies can also consider leveraging their extensive distribution networks.

2.5. Focus on Cost-Effective Pricing

India is known for being a highly price-sensitive market. These consumers are very conscious of the cost when it comes to services like internet.

Satellite internet, though highly beneficial, can often come with significant upfront costs. The user terminals such as satellite dishes and routers may be too expensive for majority Indian users. The monthly subscription fees may also not be cheap.

I think, in the initial years of adoption, the following government subsidies will be necessary.

• Subsidies for user terminals. By subsidizing the cost of the satellite dishes or routers, the initial financial burden on consumers can be reduced. It will make it easier for people to adopt the technology.
• Airtel/Jio can also explore partnerships with government initiatives like BharatNet. This government project aims to provide high-speed internet to rural and remote areas. It is currently done by expanding the fiber-optic network. By sharing infrastructure with BharatNet, Jio or Airtel could reduce the costs of building their own ground infrastructure and pass those savings on to the customers.

Jio or Airtel can develop affordable pricing plans specifically targeted at underserved segments like rural schools, small businesses, and agriculture markets.

By offering tailored packages for these groups, companies can help bridge the digital divide while ensuring the service is both valuable and accessible.

Affordable plans would make satellite internet a viable option for communities that have limited or no access to traditional broadband services.

2.6. Adopt Cutting-Edge Technology

To successfully compete with Starlink and provide a high-quality satellite internet service in India, Jio or Airtel must adopt cutting-edge satellite technologies. This would ensure that their service not only matches the competition but also meets the growing demands for high-speed, reliable internet in the country.

• One critical technology to leverage is High Throughput Satellites (HTS). HTS are designed to offer high-speed internet with much greater capacity compared to traditional satellites. This is achieved by utilizing advanced satellite technology that allows for more data to be transmitted at faster rates.
• Additionally, low latency is another essential feature for satellite internet. It will be necessary for applications like video calls, gaming, and real-time communication. To achieve low latency similar to that of fiber-optic and 5G networks, satellites need to be positioned in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). These satellites are typically placed around 550 km above Earth.
• Dynamic beam switching is a technology that optimizes bandwidth distribution. It enables satellites to direct their beams to areas where there is high demand for internet services. This real-time optimization ensures that users in busy regions or urban centers receive the necessary bandwidth for smooth connectivity.

By adopting these advanced technologies, Jio or Airtel can offer a satellite-based internet service that is both competitive and sustainable, ensuring they stay ahead of the curve in India’s rapidly evolving telecom market.

3. Potential Challenges

Launching a satellite-based internet service in India comes with several challenges that Jio or Airtel must carefully navigate.

• High Capital Expenditure is one of the most significant hurdles. Building and deploying a satellite network requires substantial upfront investment in infrastructure, technology, and regulatory compliance. The cost of satellite launches, ground stations, and user terminals can run into billions of dollars. For Jio or Airtel, the ROI may take several years. It will be like a long-term commitment with uncertain profitability in the short term.
• Regulatory Delays present another potential obstacle. India has strict telecom and satellite regulations that govern spectrum allocation, satellite launches, and network operations. Navigating through the approval processes from agencies like the DoT and ISRO can be time-consuming. It may also lead to delays in project timelines. These delays could hinder Jio or Airtel’s ability to launch their services quickly and compete effectively with other global providers.
• Cost vs. Affordability poses a challenge in balancing competitive pricing with profitability. While satellite internet could provide high-speed connectivity to underserved areas, keeping the prices affordable for rural consumers while ensuring financial viability is difficult.

Conclusion

I think, launching a Starlink-type service in India will be a bold goal for Jio or Airtel. The main question is, is it achievable? With the Indian governments full blessings, I think it is possible.

Why Indian government will be inclined for this collaboration? Because uninterrupted internet connection (for remote and rural India) can lead to a domino effect for the country future growth prospects.

I will even go to the extent in saying that, providing a satellite based internet service should be the Government of India initiative where Airtel/Jio/BSNL can be the partner.